We have two kinds of microphones: dynamic and condenser. In our church setup, the "floor" mic over by the chalice is a dynamic mic, and the pulpit mic is a condenser mic.
The dynamic mics are more durable than cardiod, and appropriate for hand-held use. You have to be fairly close to a dynamic microphone to work - between 5 - 10 inches, and so some awareness by the person using the mic is useful. These mics do not contain an amplifier, and don't require batteries or power to work.
Condeser mics on the other hand need power drawn from the board (called "phantom power") in order to run. There is a purple button on the sound board labelled "**" which needs to be in the "ON" position in order for the pulpit mic to work, for example. These mics distort sound easily and should not be used for very loud sounds in close proximity. Because of this, you shouldn't be very close to these mics if you are speaking; the distance varies from person to person but between 8 and 15 inches is a good bet.
There is much information on the Internet about microphones. One good site is MediaCollege.com:
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